The Effects of the Roaring 20’s and The Great Depression on Germany

 

      The time of The Great Depression was a worldwide disaster that impacted any major country. People lost their jobs and lives, businesses closed down, and debts skyrocketed. It destroyed economies and took down the reputation of political parties that were in charge. What I wanted to examine was the impact of this depression on the World War I loser, Germany. I got interested because of the economic damage that the war has brought upon has been amplified greatly by the depression and I wanted to know how they could have survived as a country.

Introduction to the Situation of Germany

      After World War I, Germany was forced to pay a lot in war reparations to the allied powers because they had lost the war. Having to pay approximately 33 million US Dollars in war reparations in a foreign currency, Germany payed slowly because there was simply not enough money in Germany.

 

The 1920’s

      Germany began printing large amounts of money to buy foreign currencies so they could pay off the reparations without actually industrial infrastructure to back it up. This caused the German Mark to fall from 4 Marks per 1 US Dollar to 48 Marks per US dollar. Soon, Germany could afford to pay like this anymore because the Mark was depreciating too quickly. They were ordered by the allies to pay in resources such as coal. The French occupied parts of the Ruhr Valley where Germany’s coal was to enforce this. German coal workers went on strike so Germany continued paying with money. In late 1923, 1 US dollar was worth 4,210,500,000,000 German marks. Bank notes were so useless that families used whole stacks of notes to stack castles out of. Some were being used wallpaper. A whole barrel full of notes was barely enough to buy a loaf of bread. As the roaring 20s arrived, Germany finally began to recover slightly after 1923. German bankers came up with a currency that was based on the price of rye and the German economy improved. Germany began to ask for loans from countries like the US for money. This resulted in the Germany economy being largely built upon foreign loans. Near the end though, the US started adding tariffs on imports to protect its companies. This shrank the production rate of Germany and factories shrunk which did not help its current state.

Children using money as toys

The Great Depression

      Right after the stock market crash in New York that started The Great Depression, people in America started to recall their loans from Germany to recover their money. This destroyed the German economy because it was largely built upon these loans. There were several runs on major banks in Germany many of which folded. The government decided not to follow normal protocol and increase government spending to stimulate the economy. They started to increase taxes and did wage cuts in an attempt to lower prices on goods. This caused lots of criticism towards the government which created instability with the populace. 6 million people were without work. There were goods to be bought but no one had the money to buy them. Distrust of the political party that was in charge led people to join other parties that had more radical ideas to solve the problem with the economy. One of these parties was the National Socialists Workers Party (NSDAP) more commonly known to the western world as the Nazi Party. Many believe the leader of this party Adolf Hitler only rose to power because of what The Great Depression did to Germany. The NSDAP later was elected as the party in charge when the previous government dissolved and held an election. All of this set the stage for World War II.

 

 

 

 

 

Bank notes as wall paper

Comic

Below is my pathetic attempt to make a comic that is meant to be funny.

Reflection

      I already knew some of the information about this topic from some fun research I did sometime ago. After properly researching the topic for an assignment, I found out so much more and finally understood some of the more complex ideas of hyperinflation. I know I jumped the gun on this assignment when we would learn about this later. I still find it amazing how Germany could have survived as a state after their bank notes were used as wall paper!

PLP Exhibition At Seycove

The Exhibition

 

      This year is my first exhibition with PLP along with many of the other veteran PLP students. The exhibition was intended to show three different aspects, each represented by a grade of what they have learned during their first term. HPC 11 (My grade) did Canada’s situation and role before and after World War I. It is supposed to be an immersive experience where scenes from the time would be represented in the most realistic way possible to give the audience a very clear understanding of what was going on at the time.

 

Group and Setup

      The groups were chosen by the teachers and divided into different groups that represented different eras of the time. My group consisted of Jackson, Brianna, Tom, and Gabrielle. Worked proceeded with a preliminary planning stage of what Pre War Canada would have been like. The project was planned to have 2 but later had 3 stages because we had too much area to cover. The very first part in Seycove’s cardio room was going to be the immigration office where people coming into the exhibit were supposed to go so they could immigrate. This would show Canada’s Open Door immigration policy. The second part was a rally stage where Laurier and Henri Bourassa were supposed to have an argument. They would explore the good and bad of the Laurier era. Robert Borden then appears on the stage and speaks about supporting Britain if there is a war in Europe. The audience is then moved into a sign up area where they would join the army. There is then an almost seamless transition into the Trenches group area where one of their group members welcomes them to the battlefield. We used cardboard boxes to divide off the rally stage and the recruitment office.  

This is where Robert Borden held a rally to rile up everyone to support or join the great war that would soon happen in Europe.

During Presentation

      Setup and preparation was a bit rushed due to time so everyone improvised their parts instead of really reading from the script. Brianna manned both the immigration office and the recruitment, Jackson and Gabi argued as Laurier and Bourassa, I was Robert Borden, and Tom was Clifford Sifton welcoming the audience in. The overall exhibition went smoothly with no problems that the audience could recognize. There was however a slight noise problem with another group as their group and our group presented at the same time which resulted in my speech being partially obscured by the sound. As time went by and breaks between groups let us rest and prepare for the next group to arrive, we thought of some ideas that could make our presentation more special. More improvisation ideas were added to the Laurier and Bourassa argument and ideas were also added to Robert Borden’s speech that would make it more effective.

People voting for the next prime minister of that time. This was part of the immersive experience.

Take Down

      Right before the take down, all the groups that presented got to walk through the exhibit and take a look at their classmate’s creations. The taking down of all the exhibitions was relatively easy as it was all basically props from different rooms that still had function and also the fact that most of it was made from cardboard. All was taken down and some props were taken home.

First picture shows a novel idea from the trenches group to build a mock tank for their group which represented trench life. Second picture shows the discrimination and sexism that existed in Canada during that time presented by another group.

My Reflection

      This is the very first time I have done such a thing in this format where the class created a proper immersive experience for the audience. I felt that the time we had in the gym to set up was way too short and that if we had more time, we could have created something very nice. Other than that, I felt the exhibition ran quite smoothly. The teamwork involved was tremendous and in the end, everyone from every group  vb pitched in to help each other to make this exhibition happen. This has definitely been a change from the normal ways of showing what the class has learned and was also a great way to promote our program. The things that needed to be known to do this project was led me to learn a lot of new things about Canada during that time period. Apparently the lineup to see it was very long, maybe Mr. Hughes and Ms. Willemse should charge an entrance fee next time……….

The Halifax Explosion

Background:

On the morning of December 6th 1917, the city of Halifax was rocked by the biggest explosion known to man before the development of nuclear weapons. World War I was still ongoing in Europe and Canada was embroiled in the issues of supporting the Allied forces in the war. The port of Halifax became a main hub for transportation of all types of resources to Europe. Among these included soldiers, relief supplies, and ammunition. Halifax will be literally flattened by its own popularity as a great port city.

The Event:

At the morning of the event, people went about their normal lives. Children went to school and adults went to their jobs. While all this happened, The Norwegian vessel carrying relief supplies S.S. Imo was transiting out a strait that led from the Halifax harbor the ocean. The S.S. Imo was late after experiencing delays while loading so it was going above the speed limit of the strait. Meanwhile, The S.S. Monte-Blanc was sailing into the “Narrows” and into harbor carrying high explosives and flammable liquids like TNT, Cordite, and Benzol. Due to relaxed regulations around the “Narrows due to the fear of German U-Boats roaming the area, ships were allowed more free movement in and out of the harbor to avoid being sunk. As the S.S. Imo dodged all the wayward ships, she went off course and soon was on a collision course with the S.S. Monte-Blanc. After a series of miscommunication with the two ships, they collided. The barrels of Benzol on board the Monte-Blanc tipped over and spilled. As the Imo disengaged from the collision, the sparks caused from the metal to metal grazing ignited the Benzol on the Monte-Blanc. The fiery liquid washed down the decks of the ship on fire. The fire eventually spread to the cordite and TNT which ignited. At 9:00, the Monte-Blanc exploded and destroyed Halifax.

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The cloud that was created by the fire of the explosion.

The Destruction:

During the explosion on the S.S. Monte-Blanc, the area surrounding the ship was a fireball with temperatures rising to a blistering 5,000 degrees Celsius. Every building within a 2 kilometers of the explosion was flattened. As various stoves and lamps in people’s houses were knocked over, even more fires started. The explosion displaced all the water in the area so the seafloor was dry for a moment. The ensuing tsunami started from the displaced water wiped out a seaside First Nations village nearby. 1,600 were killed instantly with around 9,000 injured. Some were instantly decapitated and thrown by the force of the explosion or were trapped by the fires that spread around the city.

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Halifax flattened after the explosion.

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A comparison of what Halifax looked like before.

The Relief Effort:

Some ships that were nearby after the explosion went to help Halifax with treating the wounded. The government set up the Halifax Relief Commission which directed relief effort of Halifax.

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The S.S. Imo after the explosion was thrown and grounded at this location.

Self Created News Program of Halifax Explosion (TBA):

Below is a video that Luciano, Spencer, Matthew. D, and I created. It was to be set in a news program format. The filming of Luciano and I was mediocre but Matthew made our background very well which bolstered the project well.

Reflection:

Writing about this subject was fairly easy as it was all really just facts. The main challenge was the video because we had to act like news casters and that was slightly difficult because I am always awkward at these things. I hope that my next projects will have the quality of Matthew’s editing.

Research on a Soldier and his Diary

Soldiers in World War I were normal people too. They had their own love lives and wanted to get a proper job in their home country. They previous job occupation could have been a painter or poet. All we know is that they are at war and we should understand what they thought during these hard times. For this project, the teachers have assigned us to write a diary entry based on the experiences of a dead soldier of World War I. The diary was to try to emulate how the soldier wrote, this meant including his voice and other things.

My first steps was to find a soldier to write in. The soldier profile I found included some of his diary entries so I was able find most of what he did. The soldier’s name was Bernard James Glynn. A second lieutenant in the Canadian Royal Flying Corps, he flew planes with the 34th squadron. He was born in 1897 and dies in 1917.

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As I began writing, I also read through his diary entries found out some details that made this soldier interesting to write on. I included how he had a girlfriend in London and treated her very well and also how he was religious tried to find time to go to masses. He writing style was short and at times, incomplete sentences like he was listing things he did throughout the day write after doing it instead of writing about it at the end of the day. He also likes to look at the churches and cathedrals of Europe of which he finds very beautiful.

I learned somethings about an officers life in World War I. Glynn, who flew reconnaissance for years he was alive, had a creaky consistent social life. I suppose his status as an officer gave him perks in getting leave and going out with other officers. He was constantly meeting new people in the army as he moved around and regarded almost all of them with a very positive outlook. Another thing was the general entertainment back then was talking with people over a luncheon or tea. Movies was also very popular as Glynn say a lot of them with his newfound friends. Also, I learned that there was still time for the soldiers to go to churches.

Overall, this project gave me a lot of insight on the life of a soldier, especially of the pilots. It seems that their social activities kept them being overexposed to the horrors of war and that their lives seemed a little easier than the frontline soldiers even though most were killed within three weeks. What I mainly took away from this project was the soldiers of any side sometimes had a peaceful background where there were family and loved ones that cared for them. The soldiers also found ways to entertain themselves and find others to support one another.

The things I feel I need to work on in this assignment is the interpretation of Glynn’s text. I feel there is a deeper context from what I could discern for now. I could have also found a paper background to write the diary entry on but everything was watermarked, I will search harder next time. Below is the diary entry that I wrote to emulate Glynn. Hope you enjoy!

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The Hanford Field Study

The Hanford field study was definitely one of the best trips I have been on. With a focus of the Manhattan Project of World War II, we visited places that exhibited information about it as well as visited parts of the Manhattan Project. From the Reeds College nuclear reactor two Hanford where plutonium was enriched for nuclear bombs, all of these places offered a great deal of information that culminated in the History in 5 project that my group completed. On a more casual note, the food was excellent on this trip courtesy of the teachers.

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Reed College Chemistry wing. This is where we got an introduction to their nuclear reactor, “Triga”

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Hanford’s B Reactor, a plutonium enriching facility that provided weapons grade plutonium for the nuclear bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The “Fat Man”

The Manhattan Project and the need of Hanford:

The Manhattan Project was a nuclear bomb program developed by the United States during World War II. The pressure of Germany developing a nuclear bomb first and the pressing issue of the mainland invasion of Japan moved the United States to decide upon this project. The importance of Hanford comes when it was time to enrich Plutonium to act as a fissile material for the bomb. Locations had to be evaluated for the right points to host a Plutonium enriching plant. Hanford was chosen because it had many of the points that were needed which will be explained in the video.

 

Summary of Project:

Our project was to create a History in 5 points format video which would explain part of the project. My group chose to explain the land of Hanford with subtopics like why it was chosen and what were some of the reasons that the land is contaminated by radiation today. My topic centered around the natural formations of the land and how it was great for supporting the project. To support our reasons with facts and primary sources, this field study was devised which included a trip to B reactor at Hanford. The information it offered me from information panels to interviews with previous staff were very helpful in providing solid information for the project. Two different locations that we went to also but were not the centerpiece of the field study was Reed College in Portland and The Reach Museum in Richland. Both locations offered me insight on the principles behind the science of nuclear reactors and increased my understanding of what I was looking at in B Reactor.

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A sign to show that the radioactivity still has not completely left the reactor.

Process Of Creating Video:

When I entered B reactor, I immediately took pictures and stills of interesting things that we could use for background or material (which was largely unused). Interviews were directed by all group members. Since there were only two mics and there was not too much time, some of the footage had audio which was recorded by our phones but was held close to the people who spoke to act as mic. My role of the project was to investigate why the Hanford area was chosen for the Manhattan Project in terms of natural formations. I later discovered many points but I had to reduce them down a lot due to time issues of the video. We first filmed using a green screen and stills of the nuclear reactor. We were rushed for time because the previous groups took forever with the green screen so the result looked like trash. iPad placement with the script on it became a problem but was later corrected. We filmed again most of our narrative parts around the school in a cheesy way because Luciano started out that way when we filmed him first for the second round of filming. We took the surrounding area for inspiration for random things like the choir room with Spencer’s piano playing. At this point, we pooled all of our interview footage and recording. Matthew D. requested his face not be in the video because of reasons the group was not made privy to. Editing took a long time with Kirby doing all of it because she took it upon herself when we recognized she was the best at the job. We offered assistance but she was intent on editing it herself. Setback after setback occurred when iMovie refused to cooperate with us and the video was redone at least two times due to not correctable technical difficulties. After much toiling the video was completed in a satisfactory state for the group.

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The inside of B Reactor. All the little pegs can open and Uranium rods are inserted to be enriched into Plutonium.

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Some replica spacers used to center the Uranium rods in the reactor.

Things to improve upon:

Some things that I wish for to be improved next time I do this project is to bring more recording equipment for filming, more interesting footage, and use the experience acquired from this project improve the next project. The process of recording good footage for the project was a hassle because Spencer had the only proper camera that could take good quality pictures. Bringing some more personal equipment could improve the team’s coverage of interesting events that are happening and also make better use of time allocated. Finding interesting footage is connected to bringing personal equipment because interesting things tend to happen when Spencer’s camera was not around.

 

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The barren landscape of the Hanford area which is why it was chosen to host a component of the Manhattan Project.

The Final Product:

This project really gave me insight as to what the PLP program can achieve and what it expects of the work that students provide. Thanks to Mr. Hughes and Ms. Willemse for such a informative and fun trip (And the food).

Why Did World War I Start

World War I was a conflict spanning the years 1914 to 1918. The conflict wounded or killed 38 million people. New weapons of war were created to make either side exhaust the amount of men they had. This is the definition of total war, a war on a global scale that utilized all infrastructure of all involved countries for production that benefited the war. Many say that the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the cause of the war. Many historians like G. Herschfeld, J. Remak, and R.J. Evans have different ideas on how the war started. I decided to study G. Herschfeld’s view of how this horrible conflict started.

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The destruction of World War I.

G. Herschfeld’s theory of how World War I started revolves around the idea of how a fear of loss of prestige from the various kings and a complex chain of military alliances only created for military protection from other nations, winded up Europe to the point where any small incident could have triggered the start World War One.

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A map of the Central and Allied powers.

The filming project happened at the most random time. I worked with classmates Luciano and Spencer on this and on that day, Spencer just happened to be in his Halloween costume and Luciano is a funny man. This all manifested to the idea of a viking cooking show that explained G. Herschfeld’s explanation for World War I. The cooking show idea came up when I thought of doing a recipe and Spencer chimed in on how we could do a cooking show.

The creating this project really opened my eyes to different ways of presenting an idea. Instead of doing a very mainstream slideshow, the teachers forced us to use more creative methods of presenting. The content of the project gave me a more concise view of World War I started. Instead of the assassination of the Archduke being the cause, it was actually a spark that caused a chain of events to unravel into a world war.

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The assassination of the Archduke.

This was a new thing to me but I am definitely doing my projects in more creative ways like this in comparison to before.

 

The Naval Service Bill of the Laurier Era

      For my one person project, I really I’d not know what I was in for. I was granted a lot of freedom and I did not know what to do with it. I ended up with doing what everybody did and showed my project through Explain Everything. As I did this project, I slowly stumbled through making the necessary props by myself. The final product was definitely not up to par rest of the class but I am determined to make the best presentations in the future.

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      The Laurier Era was a time of gearing up and a time to shine for Canada as a whole. I decided to study what Canada did to help Britain prepare for the war. With World War One incoming, Britain was gearing up for war and requesting help from its colonies and closest allies for help. Laurier, then prime minister of Canada, decided that he would help Britain Laurier his decision will also have to come with a solution on how to keep the English Canadians and the Canadiens happy. Here is my presentation on the matter.

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