Understanding Shell Shock and PTSD. Historical Origins, Effects, and Symptoms
Introduction
Shell shock is a term that emerged during World War I to describe the psychological trauma experienced by soldiers exposed to the intense and horrifying conditions of trench warfare. Today, this condition is understood as a form of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This blog post dives into the origins of shell shock, its effects and symptoms, and some important facts about its development over time.
Historical Origins of Shell Shock
The term “shell shock” was first invented by British psychologist Charles Samuel Myers in 1915. It was used to describe the psychological effects observed in soldiers who had been exposed to the constant bombardment and brutal conditions of the battlefield. Initially, shell shock was thought to be a physical injury to the nerves caused by the impact of explosions.
Effects and Symptoms of Shell Shock/PTSD
Psychological Symptoms
– Nightmares and Flashbacks: Soldiers with shell shock often experienced recurring nightmares and vivid flashbacks of traumatic events, reliving the horrors of the battle.
– Severe Anxiety and Panic Attacks: Intense fear and anxiety were common, sometimes leading to panic attacks triggered by loud noises or sudden movements.
– Depression: Many soldiers suffered from profound depression, feeling hopeless and disconnected from life.
– Emotional Numbness: Some soldiers became emotionally numb, unable to feel joy or form connections with others.
– Irritability and Anger: Increased irritability and episodes of anger were frequent, affecting relationships and daily interactions.
Physical Symptoms
– Tremors and Shaking: Physical manifestations included uncontrollable shaking and tremors, often seen as signs of severe nervous system distress.
– Fatigue and Insomnia: Chronic fatigue and an inability to sleep were common, along with other symptoms and making recovery difficult.
– Headaches and Dizziness: Persistent headaches and feelings of dizziness were often reported.
– Loss of Speech or Stammering:** Some soldiers experienced loss of speech or developed severe stammers.
Treatment and Understanding Over Time
During World War I, the understanding and treatment of shell shock was basic. Many soldiers were sent to rest camps where they were encouraged to engage in light activities such as gardening, arts and crafts, or simple labor, as a form of occupational therapy. Talk therapy in its modern form was not widely practiced, but some soldiers were encouraged to discuss their experiences with medical officers.
Evolution of PTSD Recognition
It wasn’t until later that the psychological nature of shell shock began to be more widely understood. The condition came to be recognized as PTSD, a term officially claimed by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980. PTSD is now understood to be a severe anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to any traumatic event, not just combat.
Conclusion
Understanding the origins and effects of shell shock and PTSD provides valuable insights into the profound impact of war on mental health. While our understanding and treatment of these conditions have evolved significantly since World War I, the stories of those who suffered from shell shock remind us of the importance of mental health care and the ongoing need to support those affected by trauma.
Some other sources:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/shellshock_01.shtml
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-ptsd-and-shell-shock